Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity, kill 41 million people per year, with 77 percent of these deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
In sub-Saharan Africa, NCDs are now responsible for roughly 37 percent of deaths – up from 24 percent in 2000. Cancer is one of the top three diseases driving this increase, accounting for more than half a million deaths in 2020. And this number is expected to double by 2030 if the current status quo is maintained.
As with other NCDs, many cases of cancer could be prevented by addressing behavioural risk factors, such as tobacco and alcohol use and obesity, which contribute to more than 40 percent of all cancer deaths worldwide.
Other cost-efficient measures include widespread vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV), which causes most cervical cancers; and against hepatitis B, which, along with hepatitis C, contributes to liver cancer. In Africa, cancers associated with infections accounted for about 27 percent of all cancers in 2018 – the highest of any region monitored by the World Health Organization.
Furthermore, many common cancers, such as colorectal, breast, prostate and cervical cancer, can now be treated successfully if detected early. But they remain among the deadliest in Africa because patients there are typically diagnosed too late with advanced disease, and frequently do not complete their care.
There are multiple reasons for this, including a combination of financial (out-of-pocket), health-system, and socio-cultural barriers as well as chronic underfunding that impedes the ability of African public-health agencies to provide timely, value-based quality care. Many African countries also lack the resources, infrastructure, and workforce needed to implement effective vaccination and population screening programmes. And, despite improvements over the last few years, many countries do not have access to safe, timely diagnostic and treatment services.
Regional disparities are another major concern as many cancer patients must travel long distances to reach treatment centres, which are generally located in urban areas. The need to find accommodations and manage work or childcare concerns can deter many patients from completing routine screenings or treatment, and out-of-pocket costs for screening services, where available, also tend to limit their routine uptake.
Even when care is available, social and cultural norms may prevent people from seeking it. For example, social stigma often discourages many patients suffering from cancers affecting sexual and reproductive organs. Similarly, ‘cancer fatalism’ leads many to believe that the diagnosis is a death sentence and that treatment is futile. ‘Collectivism’, whereby the community decides about a patient’s ability to access care, also ultimately results in poorer outcomes.
Consequently, cancer survival rates in LMICs are abysmally low compared to high-income countries (HICs). For example, while the five-year survival rate for breast cancer in HICs is above 84 percent, it drops to 40-60 percent in LMICs. Survival rates for colorectal cancer, which can reach 76 percent in high-income settings, are lower than 25 percent in low-income countries. And, owing to low HPV vaccination rates and the lack of effective testing, LMICs account for 90 percent of all cervical cancer deaths, underscoring the need for urgent action.
A recent Lancet Oncology Commission report on cancer in sub-Saharan Africa that I co-authored emphasises the need for African governments to invest in local data collection and research to support and develop resource-efficient cancer detection and treatment programmes tailored to their countries’ specific needs and funding requirements. We also recommend that governments start to think of innovative ways to expand universal health-care coverage to include cancer services, such as early diagnosis, targetted treatments, and supportive care.
Kenya, Nigeria and other African countries are already moving ahead with initiatives to expand access. By mobilising international support and engaging local stakeholders, these countries could invest in prevention and early detection strategies, including mobile screening units, community outreach programmes, self-examination kits, in vitro diagnostics, and telehealth, thus improving prevention and early detection.
But diagnosis is not enough. ‘System preparedness’ is essential, and the infrastructure and skilled workforce to provide treatment for detected cancers must be expanded in tandem with any early diagnosis.
Moreover, to ensure equal access to health services, African countries should train primary-care physicians to identify early signs of cancer and facilitate timely referrals. A patient in sub-Saharan Africa sees 4-6 health-care providers, on average, before a cancer diagnosis is made.
Governments should also integrate resources meant for COVID-19, HIV/AIDS, and other infectious diseases toward comprehensive strategies – for example, providing cervical cancer screening for patients with HIV. While integrated clinics capable of treating both infectious diseases and NCDs would be ideal, policy-makers must be pragmatic and consider the shortage of health-care personnel, particularly in densely populated areas, and develop models and innovations that can help remove some of these access barriers.
Countries such as India, Pakistan and Jordan have shown that investing in building local capacity makes developing world-class cancer facilities possible despite limited resources. African policy-makers, too, are increasingly aware of the need for local cancer detection and treatment capacity as evidenced by an increase in the number of countries with national cancer-control programmes and the expansion of oncology training centres and infrastructure for care. Rwanda, where a widespread HPV vaccination programme and expanded testing could make the country one of the world’s first to eliminate cervical cancer, also provides a useful model for improving health outcomes in low-resource settings.
Given this continent-wide trend, we have a unique opportunity to enhance our regional collaboration and develop centres of excellence for knowledge-sharing, research, and coordinated, evidence-based treatments for patients. But to realise the promise of recent advances in diagnostics and care from vaccines and immune-therapy to precision medicine and multi-cancer early detection tests, we must ensure that the basics of cancer care are readily available, and that life-saving treatments are distributed equitably. To paraphrase the activist and U2 co-founder Bono, where you live should not determine whether you get to live.
Miriam Mutebi, a Breast Surgical Oncologist and Assistant Professor of Surgery at the Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya, is a board member of the Union for International Cancer Control and President-elect of the African Organization for Research and Training in Cancer.
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2023.
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