The floods, droughts, heatwaves and fires that are devastating many parts of the world underscore two fundamental facts: First, damage to freshwater supplies is increasingly straining human societies, especially the poor, with far-reaching implications for economic, social and political stability. Second, the combined impact of today’s extreme conditions are unprecedented in human history, and are overwhelming policymakers’ ability to respond.
In East Africa, a devastating four-year drought has destroyed millions of livelihoods and left more than 20 million people at risk of starvation. In Pakistan, recent flooding has submerged one-third of the country – killing at least 1,500 people so far and wiping out 45% of this year’s crops. In China, an unprecedented heat-wave has caused acute water shortages in regions that account for one-third of the country’s rice production.
Moreover, droughts and fires in the United States and Europe, and severe floods and droughts across India, have reduced global grain yields and food exports – highlighting the extent to which our food production depends on large, stable volumes of water. Add to this the war in Ukraine’s impact on grain and fertiliser supplies and there is a substantial risk that today’s global food crisis will persist.
For the first time in our history, human activities are jeopardising water at its very source. Climate change and deforestation are reshaping the monsoon season, causing ice on the Tibetan plateau to melt and affecting freshwater supplies to more than one billion people. Rising global temperatures are changing evaporation patterns and reducing moisture feedback from forests, disrupting downwind rainfall. And a destabilised global water cycle is itself aggravating climate change. For example, the depletion of water in the soil and forests is reducing their ability to sequester carbon.
Water-use restrictions, power cuts and other stop-gap measures can no longer paper over the fact that our water governance and management systems are not suited for a world of radical environmental change. All our current arrangements rest on the assumption, now invalidated, that the water supply is relatively stable (within the bounds of natural variability), predictable, and manageable in localised ways. But the water crisis is global, and it can be solved only with transformational thinking and new governance.
We must recognise that all our key environmental challenges are connected to water – whether there is too much or too little, or whether it is too polluted for human use. The task now is to understand the links between water, climate change and biodiversity loss, and to properly define, value and govern water as a global common good. Thinking about water in this way will allow us to mobilise collective action and design new rules that put equity and justice at the centre of our response.
For too long, most governments have either ignored market failures or responded to them with quick fixes, rather than mobilising the public and private sectors around common ambitions. The public sector must see itself as a market-shaper that works with all stakeholders in the water economy to create pathways for innovation and investment; ensure universal access to clean water and sanitation; and provide enough water for food, energy and natural systems.
A key lesson from past challenges which demanded systemic innovation is that a clearly-defined mission is needed to organise our efforts. Mission-oriented policies allow governments to steer innovation and knowhow directly toward meeting critical goals. When guided by an inclusive ‘common-good’ approach, they are uniquely capable of delivering solutions to challenges which require tremendous levels of coordination and financing across many years. Climate change, biodiversity loss and water crises are precisely such challenges.
Mission-based strategies can help governments innovate with purpose, direction and urgency. But to be effective, policymakers must heed the experience and wisdom of the ordinary citizens, communities and innovators who know how to prosper in a world of water scarcity, higher temperatures and altered coastline and river systems.
We must now recognise threats to the global freshwater system and translate our awareness into collective action. Because water scarcity will jeopardise all the other Sustainable Development Goals, it should solidify our collective determination to limit temperature increases to 1.5° Celsius above pre-industrial levels (as specified in the Paris climate agreement), and to preserve the natural systems which ensure stable rainfall and run-off patterns.
In tackling these global challenges, we must hardwire the principles of equity and justice into whatever new arrangements we devise. No community can thrive without a reliable supply of clean water. But safeguarding this global common good requires new policies and systems.
Law and economics must both be reoriented to ensure universal access to clean drinking water, sanitation and hygiene, and to build more resilient and sustainable food systems. Incentives must change so that the private sector can do its part in providing access to technology and innovation for poor and rich countries alike. This will require long-term finance and novel mechanisms to regulate how the public and private sectors work together.
The UN 2023 Water Conference – the first in almost 50 years – will be a pivotal moment for the international community to start mapping out a future that works for everyone. In preparing for it, we can take inspiration from Nicholas Stern – who rewrote the economics of climate change, and Partha Dasgupta who rewrote the economics of biodiversity. As the four co-chairs of the Global Commission on the Economics of Water, our goal is to transform the world’s understanding of the economics and governance of water, placing a much stronger emphasis on equity, justice, effectiveness and democracy.
We can still redefine our relationship with water and redesign our economies to value water as a global common good. But the window of opportunity is closing. To have a chance of avoiding climate catastrophe and adapting to unavoidable change, we must ensure a resilient water future for poor and rich societies alike.
Quentin Grafton, Joyeeta Gupta, and Aromar Revi, Lead Experts of the Global Commission on the Economics of Water, contributed to this commentary.
Mariana Mazzucato, Founding Director of the UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose, is Chair of the World Health Organisation’s Council on the Economics of Health for All. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Director-General of the World Trade Organisation, is a former finance minister and foreign minister of Nigeria and former managing director of the World Bank. Johan Rockström is Director of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Senior Minister in Singapore’s cabinet, is Chair of the Group of Thirty.
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2022.
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