There is no doubt that the African Continental Free Trade Area (AFCFTA) is Africa’s most forward-looking continental agreement, and places us as an emerging global trade leader that has the potency of reforming our markets, economies and the manifest destiny of our people if it is fully implemented.
The World Bank describes this pact as the largest free trade area in the world in terms of the number of participating countries – which is 55 with a 1.3 billion population and combined GDP value of US$3.4trillion. It can therefore lift over 30 million people out of extreme poverty, and 68 million people who live on less than US$5.50 a day out of moderate poverty.
That notwithstanding, such a measure will not be attainable without a comprehensive strategic plan backed with the right investment and infrastructure development by African nations.
It is important to recognise the fact that a single-window transportation sector will be one of the primary drivers to Africa’s integration of a single market under the AFCFTA – failure to have a seamless transport system that ensures interconnectivity and networking within the continent will hinder the progress of AFCFTA, since it is hinged on the free movement of goods, services and persons.
The European Union, in realising this phenomenon as a precondition for a single market within its domain, has put in place an EU Transport policy to remove obstacles to the smooth flow of goods among its member-states by adopting a single European transport area that allows for a fair and a competitive mode of transport.
Unfortunately, connecting with most African nations through transport modes such as air, rail and road comes with major hindrance – that is, lack of road and rail infrastructure to interconnect member-states, high freight charges and the tonnage of cargo that can be moved at a go over long distances. Unlike Africa, the European Union member-states have a solid road and sea transport infrastructure that connects its member-states.
This accounts for why one-third of goods transported intra-EU is done by sea, representing 40%; 44% by road; and 9% through rail. Road transport is the most viable mode of transport for goods intra-EU, due to its robust motorway system and seamless cross-border transition as provided for by its single market.
Therefore, we in Africa must prioritise what works for us based on our level of infrastructural development, cross-border transition, convenience and freight cost – the sea transport presents itself as a vital option for the movement of large cargoes across long distances, as well as being the cheapest mode of transport.
Based on records from the AFCFTA secretariat, the first goods to be transported under the pact on the 4th of January 2021 were carried by sea transport from Ghana to Guinea. Indeed, landlocked African countries are mostly dependent on neighbouring port nations for their trading.
The maritime industry within the African continental domain needs sharp focus and a developmental strategy if we are to realise the full potential of AFCTA. The issue of port expansion is hot on the burners – without such an expansion we will not be able to handle the capacity of both import and export of goods as the general population in Africa continues to increase; which means that the need for various types of goods is likely to soar.
The port infrastructural development in Africa is of utmost importance – there are only three African ports located in Egypt, Morocco and South Africa that are featured in the 2020 list of 100 global container ports, with a combined effort of handling a 51% share of goods that are carried by sea transport.
The other African port nations do not have the capacity to handle very large volumes of bulk and containerised cargo. If the continent’s single market is to be practical and workable, it will largely depend on massive infrastructural development of its maritime industry.
Currently, intra-AU trade is quite low with an estimate of 15% as compared with 61% in Asia and 67% within the European Union. Therefore, there is great opportunity to grow with robust maritime trade and infrastructural development, since it is the cheapest and most convenient mode of transporting bulk cargoes.
Research indicates that transport prices account for 15% to 20% of import cost, and therefore reducing the cost of transport is likely to increase intra-AU trade to about 25%. Also, 40% of the final cost of goods to the consumer is because of high freight charges.
According to reports from the World Bank, the dwell time or turnaround time for vessels to load or unload their cargoes and how long they spend at the port is 20 days at ports within sub-Saharan Africa, as compared to approximately 4 days turnaround time within major ports across the globe.
There must be a concerted effort to remove bottlenecks within the African maritime transport through methods such as simplification of administrative processes, increased port capacity and operational efficiency, storage capacity and connection to the hinterlands – this will directly reduce the dwelling time and high freight costs.
Fleet ownership within the continent is very low, and this can impede the optimisation of AFCFTA; therefore, investments in ship acquisition and management with a strong ship financing arrangement are needed to drive this agenda.
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has indicated that only Nigeria has made it onto the list of top 35 fleet-owning nations with a representation of 0.33% in terms of deadweight tonnage as of 2020; whereas Liberia is the only country in Africa to make it onto the list of top flag-nations with 13% of the world’s total deadweight.
The European Union, in promoting intra-trade sea transport has established Shortsea Promotion centres (SPC) in all its coastal member-states to coordinate and collaborate the smooth movement of goods within a European Shortsea Network (ESN). African coastal states can adopt such a model to ensure effective integration, interdependencies and collaboration among themselves.
It has become imperative that we prioritise implementation of the 2050 Africa Integrated Maritime Strategy and the Revised African Maritime Transport Charter to support the needed growth of AfCFTA.
The writer is the Executive Director, Institute for African Maritime Development
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