The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) represents a major opportunity for countries to boost growth, reduce poverty and broaden economic inclusion, a new World Bank report has found. If implemented fully, the trade pact could boost regional income by 7% or US$450billion; speed-up wage growth for women; and lift 30 million people out of extreme poverty by 2035.
The report suggests that achieving these gains will be particularly important given the economic damage caused by the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic, which is expected to cause up to US$79billion output losses for Africa in 2020. The pandemic has already caused major disruptions to trade across the continent, including in critical goods such as medical supplies and food.
Most of AfCFTA’s income gains are likely to come from measures that cut red-tape and simplify Customs procedures. Tariff liberalisation accompanied by a reduction in non-tariff barriers – such as quotas and rules of origin – would boost income by 2.4 percent, or about US$153 billion. The remainder – US$292 billion – would come from trade-facilitation measures that reduce red-tape, lower compliance costs for businesses engaged in trade, and make it easier for African businesses to integrate into global supply chains.
Successful implementation of AfCFTA would help cushion the negative effects of COVID-19 on economic growth by supporting regional trade and value chains through the reduction of trade costs. In the longer-term, AfCFTA should provide a path to integration and growth-enhancing reforms for African countries. By replacing the patchwork of regional agreements, streamlining border procedures, and prioritising trade reforms, AfCFTA could help African countries increase their resiliency in the face of future economic shocks.
“The African Continental Free Trade Area has the potential to increase employment opportunities and incomes, helping to expand opportunities for all Africans,” said Albert Zeufack, the World Bank’s Chief Economist for Africa. “The AfCFTA is expected to lift around 68 million people out of moderate poverty and make African countries more competitive. But successful implementation will be key, including careful monitoring of impacts on all workers – women and men, skilled and unskilled – across all countries and sectors, ensuring the agreement’s full benefit.”
According to the report, the agreement will reshape markets and economies across the region, leading to the creation of new industries and expansion of key sectors. Overall economic gains will vary, with the largest gains going to countries that currently have high trade costs. Côte d’Ivoire and Zimbabwe—where trade costs are among the region’s highest—will see the biggest gains, with each increasing income by 14 percent. AfCFTA will also significantly boost African trade, particularly intraregional trade in manufacturing. Intra-continental exports will increase by 81 percent while the increase to non-African countries will be 19 percent.
Implementation of the agreement will also spur larger wage gains for women (an increase of 10.5 percent by 2035) than for men (9.9 percent). It will also boost wages for skilled and unskilled workers alike—10.3 percent for unskilled workers and 9.8 percent for skilled workers.
This Report is designed to help countries implement policies that can maximise the agreement’s potential gains while minimising risks. Creating a continent-wide market will require a determined effort to reduce all trade costs. This will require legislation to enable goods, capital, and information to flow freely and at easily across borders. Countries which do so will be able to attract foreign investment and increase competition that can increase productivity and innovation by domestic firms. Governments will also need to prepare their workforces to take advantage of new opportunities with new policies designed to reduce the costs of job-switching.
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