By Victor AGBEVE
In this era of economic shocks, local banks have to rethink the way they manage risk. Traditional banking models cannot depend on risk assessment tools of the past; the future is in institutions that harness data driven strategies to predict, mitigate and react to threats before they escalate.
The article takes a look at how modern risk management is helping local banks to become more resilient and ready to weather financial storms, while ensuring a stable future in an uncertain world.
In 2018, when Zenith Bank Nigeria noticed unusually high transaction patterns across several accounts, it was not human analysts who sounded the alarm; Instead it was its newly deployed data analytics system. The anomalies that might have taken weeks to find manually were flagged within hours.
As soon as the suspicious accounts were noticed, the bank froze them, thus preventing what investigators later confirmed as an attempted fraud scheme which would have cost the institution more than $3.5 million (Zenith Bank Annual Report, 2019).
This case shows how Africa’s banking sector is starting to utilize data driven risk management. In the face of mounting challenges (e.g. volatile economic conditions, sophisticated cyber threats) local financial institutions find it not only advantageous but essential to adopt specialized risk assessment models and early warning systems to survive.
The Evolving Risk Landscape for African Banks
African banks have a very different risk profile compared to the banks in more developed markets. Local financial institutions must address currency volatility, limited credit history data, informal economic activities and infrastructure constraints.
African banks’ primary vulnerability as cited by the African Development Bank’s Financial Stability Review (2023) was insufficiently developed risk management frameworks, with 72 percent of African banks reporting it. During the COVID-19 pandemic, non-performing loans (NPLs) in sub-Saharan Africa jumped from an average of 11 percent in 2019 to 17.2 percent by mid 2021, nearly triple the global average of 5.8 percent (IMF Regional Economic Outlook 2022).
Dr. Emmanuel Botchwey, former Deputy Governor of the Bank of Ghana, notes: “Traditional risk models from Western banking systems tend to fail in the African context.” Because, they were not designed to take into account our economies and data limitations.” According to him, we need homegrown solutions (Banking Sector Development Conference, Accra, 2022).
Data-Driven Early Warning Systems
Essentially, early detection of potential loan defaults and liquidity issues is the cornerstone of effective risk management. Equity Bank of Kenya shows how locally calibrated early warning systems can flip outcomes. In 2021, Equity Bank adapted an Early Warning System (EWS) which combined traditional financial metrics with the alternative data sources that were more in line with Africa’s economic reality.
It analyzed non-traditional indicators such as mobile money transaction patterns, utility payment histories, and even agricultural data for rural borrowers. Equity Bank Investor Presentation (2023) notes a 36 percent reduction in NPLs within 18 months of reporting in difficult economic conditions.
The system is contextual and, as such, is effective. According to Equity Bank CEO James Mwangi, our EWS was built specifically for the East African market unlike other generic models. This acknowledges that the risk patterns of a farmer in rural Kenya are different from those of a salaried worker in Nairobi (African Banker Magazine, February 2023).
Data Protection and Security Frameworks
With more data used by African banks for risk management, data protection becomes more important. Even the most sophisticated risk management systems can be undermined by the risks of data breaches and unauthorized access, which could erode customer trust.
Ecobank’s pan African data protection initiative is a good example of best practices in this area. To prevent any data theft, the bank had a multi layered security architecture based on encryption, access controls, and continuous monitoring systems across its 33-country network. A 67 percent reduction in security incidents between 2021 – 2023 was achieved while processing 30 percent more data (Ecobank Group Cybersecurity Report, 2023).
The Secure Data Vault approach pioneered by Nigeria’s Access Bank involves segregating customer data by sensitivity and progressively stronger protection measures. In their system, real-time anomaly detection determines unauthorized access attempts and data exfiltration patterns before breaches occur. CISO at Access Bank, African Banking Technology Summit (2023) said, “Data governance and security need to be a part of every risk management initiative, not an afterthought.”
ADPC has developed industry specific guidelines for financial institutions that strikes an appropriate balance between regulatory compliance (such as the Kenya’s Data Protection Act, and Nigeria’s NDPR) and operational flexibility. Specific technical safeguards, employee training requirements, and incident response protocols outlined in these frameworks are framed to the African banking realities (ADPC Banking Sector Guidelines, 2023).
Standard Bank’s approach to ‘Data Protection by Design’ embeds security measures into any analytics project, from the outset. Before customer data enters the analysis pipelines, it is pseudonymized or anonymized depending on the use case requirements. This helps the bank gain risk insights while limiting the exposure of personally identifiable information (Standard Bank Sustainability Report, 2023).
Specialized Risk Assessment Models for Local Contexts
Ghana’s Fidelity Bank has introduced a community centered risk assessment model for small businesses, and the application of data analytics to a particularly African context.
Formal documentation and financial statements are the groundwork of traditional credit scoring — a setup that does not take many African businesses into account. Fidelity Bank takes a different approach by using insights from community networks, supplier connections, and mobile payment records. By using this wealth of aggregated data, the bank has successfully extended credit to small businesses that were previously overlooked, all while maintaining non-performing loan (NPL) rates below the national average (Fidelity Bank Sustainability Report, 2022).
Likewise in Rwanda, Bank of Kigali has developed sector specific risk assessment framework which adjusts parameters based on industry specific variables. The model uses climate data and crop price forecasts for agricultural loans, and foot traffic patterns and inventory turnover rates for retail businesses. This granular approach has led to a 29 percent improvement of risk prediction accuracy for the bank’s previous generic model (Bank of Kigali Annual Report, 2023).
Crisis Management Frameworks: Beyond Prevention to Response
Despite strong preventive measures crisis situations will still occur from time to time. Resilient banks demonstrate strong capabilities in crisis response after prevention measures fail to protect them.
Attijariwafa Bank in Morocco developed a tiered crisis management system which has become an industry benchmark. Risk events within the system fall into operational incidents alongside sector-specific shocks and systemic crises which activate separate response protocols.
The pandemic-induced tourism sector collapse in Morocco triggered Attijariwafa Bank to activate its sector-specific protocols through portfolio stress testing and targeted forbearance programs and capital reallocation strategies. The systematic implementation enabled the bank to preserve a 11.2 percent Tier 1 capital ratio during times of widespread industry difficulties (PwC Banking Review: North Africa, 2022).
Response time between survival and failure represents the key determinant during crisis situations according to Hassan El Basri who serves as the Chief Risk Officer at Attijariwafa. The framework we developed allowed us to avoid the typical frozen state which usually follows major unexpected events. The organization possessed precise knowledge about what actions to take when certain thresholds were reached (Risk Management Association of Africa Conference, 2023).
Efficiency Programs Tailored to Local Financial Institutions
The implementation of comprehensive risk management solutions appears financially out of reach to smaller African banks with restricted funding. Strategic efficiency initiatives enable complex risk management capabilities to reach organizations that operate under budget restrictions.
The Ugandan financial institution Centenary Bank implements “phased digitization” as a strategy to demonstrate this principle. Centenary chose to direct its first investments into critical risk areas instead of attempting a total replacement of its risk infrastructure. The bank focused its credit risk analytics investment on its agricultural loan portfolio amounting to 40 percent of total loans and reduced defaults by 22 percent during its first year (EY Banking Transformation Report: East Africa, 2023).
The bank executed this strategic focus through its resource pooling strategy. Through its partnership with five other small institutions Centenary implemented a shared fraud monitoring center that offers 24/7 transaction surveillance at one-third the price of independent systems. The shared model between institutions proved successful in Ghana and Tanzania and Zambia because it adapts efficiency programs to address specific resource limitations (Banking Industry Association of Uganda Report, 2022).
Implementation Roadmap and Regulatory Framework
Implementation Strategy
Converting risk management concepts into actionable strategies requires a structured approach. Based on successful implementations across the continent, I propose a roadmap tailored specifically for African financial institutions:
Foundation Phase (0-6 months)
| Component | Key Actions |
| Risk Data Assessment and Infrastructure | • Conduct comprehensive data inventory and quality assessment • Establish data governance frameworks with clear ownership and accountability • Implement basic data integration architecture connecting siloed systems • Deploy foundational security protocols and access controls |
| Governance Framework Development | • Form a dedicated risk transformation committee with cross-departmental representation • Draft risk management policies aligned with local regulatory requirements • Define clear roles, responsibilities, and decision-making authorities • Establish key risk indicators (KRIs) and reporting mechanisms |
| High-Impact Area Prioritization | • Perform risk assessment to identify most vulnerable portfolios • Develop quick-win monitoring capabilities for critical risk areas • Implement basic early warning indicators for high-risk segments • Establish baseline metrics to measure improvement |
Enhancement Phase (6-18 months)
| Component | Key Actions |
| Contextual Assessment Models | • Develop industry-specific risk assessment frameworks • Incorporate alternative data sources relevant to local economic contexts • Deploy specialized credit scoring models for underbanked segments • Implement behavioral analysis capabilities for fraud detection |
| Sophisticated Early Warning Systems | • Deploy comprehensive early warning systems with multiple trigger thresholds • Develop automated alert escalation protocols • Implement stress testing capabilities for various economic scenarios • Create visualization dashboards for real-time risk monitoring |
| Crisis Management Infrastructure | • Develop tiered crisis response protocols for different risk event categories • Conduct simulation exercises and tabletop drills • Establish crisis communication frameworks • Create resource allocation plans for emergency situations |
Integration Phase (18-36 months)
| Component | Key Actions |
| Enterprise-Wide Analytics Platform | • Deploy integrated risk analytics platform across all business units • Implement machine learning models for predictive risk assessment • Develop centralized data lake incorporating internal and external data • Create self-service analytics capabilities for risk managers |
| Advanced Scenario Modeling | • Develop capabilities for complex multi-factor stress testing • Implement Monte Carlo simulations for extreme event modeling • Create dynamic risk appetite frameworks that adjust to market conditions • Deploy automated capital allocation optimization tools |
| Strategic Planning Integration | • Embed risk analytics into strategic decision-making processes • Develop risk-adjusted performance metrics for all business units • Implement automated regulatory reporting capabilities • Create continuous improvement frameworks for risk models |
Dr. Patricia Ncube explains to the African Banking Risk Consortium that the phased approach demonstrates risk transformation requires multiple steps instead of one single adjustment. Such an approach enables banking institutions to develop capabilities through progressive stages, which yield practical benefits at each development point (Journal of African Banking, Vol. 42, 2023).
Regulatory Implementation Framework
The Central Bank of Nigeria established effective risk-based supervision guidelines after 2009, which required stress testing along with contingency planning and scenario analysis for the consolidated banking sector. The Lagos Business School demonstrated that banks that executed these requirements fully performed better than their industry counterparts by 28% in return on equity throughout economic shocks, as stated in the Central Bank of Nigeria Financial Stability Report (2022).
Successful regulatory implementation strategies include:
| Strategy | Implementation Actions |
| Collaborative Engagement Model | • Establish regular dialogues between banks and regulators • Create industry working groups to develop implementation best practices • Conduct joint training programs for risk management personnel • Develop shared understanding of compliance expectations |
| Proportional Application Framework | • Tailor requirements based on bank size, complexity, and systemic importance • Establish progressive implementation timelines for different tiers of institutions • Provide technical assistance programs for smaller institutions • Develop simplified compliance tools for resource-constrained banks |
| Outcomes-Based Assessment | • Focus supervisory reviews on risk management effectiveness rather than documentation • Establish key performance indicators to measure implementation success • Conduct peer benchmarking and share anonymized best practices • Recognize and reward innovation in risk management approaches |
By this viewpoint, Godwin Emefiele, former Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria, states that regulation functions as a facilitator, which does not present barriers to growth. The risk-based supervision method introduced by us enabled banking institutions to develop defensive capabilities, which became crucial during subsequent economic crises (African Banking Leadership Forum, 2022).
The Cost of Inaction
The consequences for banks reluctant to make the investment in enhanced risk management are severe. According to McKinsey Global Banking Practice: Africa Report (2023), institutions with weak risk frameworks were five times more likely to need emergency capital injections and three times more likely to fail during an economic downturn.
A sobering case study is the 2018 collapse of Ghana’s uniBank. KPMG post failure analysis revealed that 62 percent of the bank’s non performing loans did not exhibit early warning signs which were not detected by inadequate risk monitoring systems. If implemented, those systems would have cost about 8% of what would be incurred in eventual losses (KPMG Banking Audit Review: Ghana, 2019).
Conclusion
The opportunities and risks facing local banks as the African economies develop and integrate with the global financial systems are unprecedented. A pathway to sustainable resilience is data driven risk management strategies adapted to local contexts and implemented through phased, resource efficient programs.
Such contextually appropriate risk management is not only a regulatory requirement but an advantage for banks like Equity Bank in Kenya, Fidelity Bank in Ghana, Attijariwafa in Morocco. The success stories offer a roadmap for other African financial institutions that want to protect their future.
The question for African banks is no longer whether they should build their risk capabilities, but it is now a question of how quickly they can. Zenith Bank’s fraud prevention case is a good example of how a threat can be detected in hours versus weeks, and whether it is a minor incident or existential crisis depends on it. In today’s fast changing financial world, it is the robust risk management that acts as the bedrock of sustainable banking.
References
African Development Bank. (2023). Financial Stability Review 2023.
Bank of Kigali. (2023). Annual Report 2022-2023.
Banking Industry Association of Uganda. (2022). Collaborative Risk Management Initiatives Report.
Central Bank of Nigeria. (2022). Financial Stability Report.
Equity Bank. (2023). Investor Presentation: Risk Management Transformation.
- (2023). Banking Transformation Report: East Africa.
Fidelity Bank Ghana. (2022). Sustainability Report.
IMF. (2022). Regional Economic Outlook: Sub-Saharan Africa.
KPMG. (2019). Banking Audit Review: Ghana.
McKinsey & Company. (2023). Global Banking Practice: Africa Report.
PwC. (2022). Banking Review: North Africa.
Zenith Bank Nigeria. (2019). Annual Report.
Victor is a Former Banker | Graduate Research Fellow, W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University
