The sovereign-debt crisis was high on the agenda at this year’s Spring Meetings of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund, with all eyes on China – biggest creditor to the developing world, and the International Development Association (IDA) – the Bank’s fund for the poorest countries. With many low-income economies already in or at high risk of default, China has been reluctant to write down the value of its loans and insistent that multilateral institutions, including the IDA, share the burden alongside other creditors – a contentious stance that breaks with convention.
There are strong arguments against IDA participation in debt restructuring. Its loans are highly concessional, with an average grant element of 50% compared to 0% for market-based loans and 18% for Chinese debt. In recent years, its commitments have surged in the face of multiple shocks, reaching US$42billion in 2022. Moreover, it provides financing in the form of grants, rather than loans, to countries with high debts – self-termed “ex-ante implicit debt relief”. It would be grossly unfair to the taxpayers backing it if the IDA bailed out other creditors not once, but twice.
During the Global Sovereign Debt Roundtable – a centre-piece of the Spring Meetings that focused on facilitating the debt-restructuring process, China apparently agreed to the Bank’s proposal to offer more lending through the IDA rather than taking a haircut on outstanding debt. This agreement must still be clarified, but it could be a win-win: China’s cooperation with the IMF, together with more concessional financing by multilateral development banks, would go a long way toward putting poorer countries on a greener and more sustainable growth path.
For the IDA, the current question is how to operationalise this agreement in ways that help it regain its financial footing and effectiveness. The global debt crisis is weakening the three main ways in which the IDA funds its operations: debt service on past loans (US$7billion in 2022), contributions from donors (around US$25billion every three years), and market borrowing.
First, offering grants reduces future debt-service payments. Since 2010, the IDA has provided US$81billion in grants. If these had been loans, the IDA’s current portfolio of US$180billion would be nearly 50% larger – producing more debt-service flows and greatly strengthening its borrowing capacity. As long as the debt crisis lingers – causing more grants to be issued, the IDA’s balance sheet will continue to suffer.
Second, the IDA’s disbursements are now leaking to bilateral and private creditors. Recent empirical work shows that in highly indebted countries, one dollar of net transfer from the IDA was associated with 60 cents of net outflows to other lenders in 2021. Conversely, in countries that are not highly indebted IDA disbursements spur inflows from other creditor sources. Unsustainable debt burdens thus weaken the IDA’s effectiveness. A rise in donor contributions seems unlikely without progress on the debt problem, further reducing the IDA’s borrowing capacity.
The IDA’s well-being thus requires a quick resolution of the debt crisis. Sharing the burden of debt restructuring can help accelerate progress. This requires looking forward rather than looking back.
Suppose, for example, that the IDA contribution was determined by using comparability of treatment (CoT) rules based on past disbursements. A straightforward application of the traditional form of the rule in the case of Zambia, which has been trying to restructure its debt since it defaulted in 2020, would imply a 44% haircut for all creditors – including the IDA. This would result in a loss of US$335million. A more equitable method would reduce the IDA’s debt only when other creditors’ loans are written down to the point where they are equally concessional. This fairer rule would result in a loss of US$234million. We estimate that a similar treatment for all low-income countries currently in debt distress would cost the IDA between US$3.5 – 7.6billion in haircuts.
Depending on which rule is used, these contributions would lead to a 70-100% increase in concessional lending to Zambia over the next three years. For all countries in debt distress, the estimated additional loans would be smaller – in the range of 20-40% above current IDA disbursements.
The main problem with a backward-looking approach, however, is it ignores the fact that the IDA is not a normal creditor. Over the course of the next decade, the IDA will provide large concessional net transfers which include more grants than the losses implied by both CoT rules. For example, Zambia’s current IDA grant-equivalent allocation for the next decade would be over US$1billion, much more than the loss implied by CoT rules (though the losses we estimate are exaggerated, as they ignore that the IDA previously provided large grants in addition to concessional loans).
The best way to facilitate rapid resolution of the debt crisis is to increase future contributions. In the case of Zambia, the current debt-sustainability analysis is predicated on a 4.5% growth rate. If the IDA’s disbursements were to rise, Zambia would grow faster out of its debt crisis and the losses suffered by creditors would be smaller – the outcome China is attempting to achieve in the ongoing negotiations.
This solution also aligns with the World Bank’s desire to increase its financial capacity as part of its ongoing efforts to scale up operations. In this context, there have been calls to double IDA funding over five years. This would enable larger disbursements to countries suffering a debt overhang, which would in turn accelerate their recovery. But the IDA is already under pressure, having spent most of the resources of its current funding cycle which ends in mid-2025. To start scaling up its funding, it needs fresh resources. The Bank’s new crisis facility, which sits within the IDA, would be the ideal vehicle.
When stakeholders reconvene in June at the Summit for a New Global Financial Pact, they should focus on accelerating debt-restructuring negotiations and expanding the IDA’s lending capacity. Progress toward each goal requires progress toward the other. Unless both directions are pursued, the current vicious cycle will only persist.
Ishac Diwan is Research Director at the Finance for Development Lab. Philippe Le Houérou is a former CEO of the International Finance Corporation, a member of the World Bank Group and the largest global development institution focused on the private sector in developing countries.
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2023.
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