Developing countries are increasingly worried that the United States will turn its back on the multilateral trade regime. Amid rising geopolitical tensions, policymakers in lower- and middle-income countries fear that a breakdown of that regime could make them hostages to great-power politics, thus undermining their economic prospects.
Their concerns are not groundless: US trade policies have changed significantly over the past few years. What seemed like a series of haphazard measures under former President Donald Trump – sanctions on Chinese firms, increased tariffs and fatal subversion of the World Trade Organisation’s dispute-settlement body – has become a broad, coherent strategy under current President Joe Biden.
This strategy, which aims to reconstitute America’s role in the global economy, embodies two imperatives. First, the US now regards China as its main geopolitical rival and views its technological ascendance as a national-security threat. As the administration’s sweeping restrictions on the sale of advanced chips and chip-making equipment to Chinese firms show, the US is willing to sacrifice international trade and investment to thwart China’s ambitions. Moreover, it expects other countries to do the same.
Second, US policymakers aim to make up for decades of neglecting domestic economic, social and environmental priorities by focusing on policies that promote resilience, dependable supply chains, good jobs and a clean-energy transition. The US seems happy to pursue these objectives on its own, even if its actions could adversely affect other countries.
The best example of this is the Inflation Reduction Act, the Biden administration’s landmark climate-transition legislation. Many governments in Europe and elsewhere have been outraged by the US$370billion clean-energy subsidies included in the IRA, which favour US-based producers. Pascal Lamy, former head of the WTO, recently called on developing countries to join the European Union in forming a ‘North-South’ coalition without the US, to “create a disadvantage for [the Americans] that will make them change their position”.
To be sure, Europe has its own brand of unilateralism – albeit a softer one than America’s. The EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), which aims to maintain high carbon prices within the bloc by imposing duties on carbon-intensive imports such as steel and aluminum, is meant to placate European firms that would otherwise find themselves at a competitive disadvantage. But it also makes it harder for developing countries such as India, Egypt and Mozambique to access European markets.
So, developing countries have plenty to worry about. As the US and Europe attempt to isolate China and craft policies in support of their new domestic agendas, they are unlikely to have poorer economies’ interests in mind. For small lower-income countries, multilateralism remains the only safeguard against the solipsism of great powers.
But developing countries would do well to recognise that these unilateral policies are driven by legitimate concerns and are often aimed at meeting global needs. Climate change, for example, is clearly an existential threat to humanity. If US and European policies accelerate the green transition, poorer countries will also benefit. Instead of condemning these policies, lower- and middle-income countries should seek transfers and financing that will enable them to follow suit. For example, they should demand that European countries channel CBAM revenues to developing-country exporters to support these firms’ investment in greener technologies.
More broadly, developing countries must remember that their economic prospects are determined first and foremost by their own policies. Short of a 1930s-style worldwide plunge into protectionism, they will likely not lose access to Western markets. Moreover, export-oriented countries such as South Korea and Taiwan engineered their growth miracles during the 1960s and 1970s, when developed countries were far more protectionist than they are now or are likely to be in the foreseeable future.
It is also true that the export-oriented industrialisation model has run out of steam for reasons that have little to do with the Global North’s protectionist policies. Because today’s manufacturing technologies are so skill- and capital-intensive, it is difficult for latecomers to mimic the success of East Asian tigers (I call this phenomenon ‘premature de-industrialisation’). Future development models will have to rely on service industries and small and medium-size enterprises, rather than on industrial exports, to build a thriving middle-class.
Developed countries’ renewed focus on building resilient, equitable domestic economies could also benefit the global economy. Cohesive societies are far more likely to support openness to international trade and investment than those roiled by the inegalitarian forces of hyper-globalisation. As many studies have shown, disappearing jobs and regional economic decline can often engender ethno-nationalist politics.
In a 2019 “letter to the next generation”, Christine Lagarde – then Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund and current President of the European Central Bank – lamented the rise of unilateralism and emphasised the benefits of the post-1945 bargain. “Bretton Woods launched a new era of global economic cooperation in which countries helped themselves by helping each other,” she wrote. But the opposite is also true: any successful global regime, including the Bretton Woods system, must rely on the idea that countries can help each other by helping themselves.
In sum, when it comes to achieving stable and sustainable growth, developing countries must ask not what the world’s richest countries can do for them but what they can do to improve their own economic prospects.
Dani Rodrik, Professor of International Political Economy at Harvard Kennedy School, is president of the International Economic Association and the author of Straight Talk on Trade: Ideas for a Sane World Economy (Princeton University Press, 2017).
Copyright: Project Syndicate, 2023.
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